International Journal of Human Movement Science
ISSN : 1976-4391 (print)
ISSN : 2586-078X (online)
ISSN : 1976-4391 (print)
ISSN : 2586-078X (online)
Policy Evolution and Value Transformation of China’s eSportsWang Xin , Sangho Lee , Okchul Hwang 15(2) 1-13, 2021 DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2021.08.15.2.1
TitlePolicy Evolution and Value Transformation of China’s eSports
Wang Xin , Sangho Lee , Okchul Hwang DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2021.08.15.2.1 AbstracteSports entered into China at the end of 1990s. At the early stage of its entry, owing to the lack of relevant systems and policies, the management of eSports was very confused and the development of eSports was restricted in some degree. At the beginning of the 21st century, with the improvement of the national people’s recognition and the development of scientific and information technology, China’s eSports gradually matured. These processes infuence the status and challenge of China’s eSports. The figures of eSports in China have to consider two aspect, that is, the policy evolution and value transformation. The former has developed as 4 stages; early, growing, explosive, mature stage. The growth of China’s eSports was closely related with policy of Chinese government. The latter is value transformation. It presents the following characteristics: from competitiveness to popularity, from politics to economy and humanity, and social orientation to human definition. This shows peculiarity of China’s eSports based on Communist orientation. Key WordseSports, Policy evolution, Value transformation, eSports of China |
Physical, Psychological and Social Benefits of Participation in Youth Sports for Children Ages 9-12 YearsIlla R. Haley , Seung Ho Chang 15(2) 15-23, 2021 DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2021.08.15.2.2
TitlePhysical, Psychological and Social Benefits of Participation in Youth Sports for Children Ages 9-12 Years
Illa R. Haley , Seung Ho Chang DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2021.08.15.2.2 AbstractYouth sports differ from physical activity due to the fact that they are organized and help teach life lessons through interaction with other children, teach responsibility, and commitment. It has grown vastly over the years ranging in multiple sports and many studies found that participating in youth sports is beneficial to a developing child and it could potentially help prevent the child obesity pandemic. For example, youth sport programs can provide children and youth with opportunities to be physically active such as organized practice, training and scrimmage which will lead to improved physical health. In addition, youth sport programs have long been considered significant to children and youth’s development psychosocial aspects (e.g., cooperation, teamwork, discipline, leadership, and self-control). Furthermore, females who participate in youth sport have become a particular interest to sports science, motor development, and youth sport researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to review the literature on physical, psychological, and social benefits of children participating in youth sports. The particular age range that was focused on in this paper was children ages 9-12 who participate in youth sports. Key WordsYouth sports, Nutrition, Motivation, Life skills, Physical activity |
Perception of Hockey Violence on Prospective Customers: An Experimental ApproachYong-chae Rhee , Jinwook Chung , Anna Pearson 15(2) 25-39, 2021 DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2021.08.15.2.3
TitlePerception of Hockey Violence on Prospective Customers: An Experimental Approach
Yong-chae Rhee , Jinwook Chung , Anna Pearson DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2021.08.15.2.3 AbstractIn this study we investigate if violence is a necessary tool for marketing hockey. Violence is an issue being addressed in many sports, with many professional sport commissions taking action to limit its occurrence. The National Hockey League, however, is not taking action and is acting as a bystander to the promotion of violence within professional hockey. More generally, is the promotion of violence needed in hockey? This study employed a quasi-experimental study in which the type of hockey each participant group is exposed to was manipulated in order to determine how different types of hockey influenced participant’s attitudes and intentions. The sample size of the study was 285 participants. The participants were divided into three groups (e.g., the Control Group, Experimental Group A, and Experimental Group B). Each group was shown a different video clip. Prior to the presentation of the video clip, a baseline survey which measured participants’ Fan Identifications, Attitudes Towards Hockey, Intentions to Watch Hockey on TV, and Intentions to Attend a Hockey Game. Following the video clip another survey was distributed to measure any change. The results indicate that skillful hockey is more attractive to the viewer than violent hockey. The positivity of skillful hockey should be incorporated into hockey marketing for super sport consumption. Further, the National Hockey League should stop acting as a bystander to the promotion of hockey violence and take a hard stance against violence in hockey. Key WordsIce hockey, Violence, Attitude, Viewership intention, Attendance behavior |
Analyzing Research Trends in Marine Sport Industry and Future DirectionsDaehwan Kim , Jinjae Kim , Byungjae Min , Yunkyung Jeon , Huang Yihan 15(2) 41-55, 2021 DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2021.08.15.2.4
TitleAnalyzing Research Trends in Marine Sport Industry and Future Directions
Daehwan Kim , Jinjae Kim , Byungjae Min , Yunkyung Jeon , Huang Yihan DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2021.08.15.2.4 AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to analyze research articles on marine sports depending on research time period, research types, research topics, and research methods and to discuss future research directions in the field of marine sports based on the analysis. The current study collected 338 research articles related to marine sport, which were published in domestic academic journals from 2012 to 2021. Bibliometric analysis was performed to analyze the collected research articles. The major results were as follows. First, the overall temporal trend of publications indicated linear increase. Second, the majority of research was conducted by a single or two authors in marine sport research. Third, with respect to research type trends, the present study found that descriptive research took the greatest portion of research types. Meanwhile, researchers tend to rely on regression analysis, structural equations modeling (SEM), and analysis of variance to test their research hypotheses. In terms of research tier trends, the present study found that the majority of research had been published in academic journals indexed by Korean Citation Index (KCI). The results of analysis of research areas indicated that the number of publications in humanities and social sciences was greater the one in sport sciences. Lastly, the current study found that the majority of research pay tremendous attention to the topics of overall marine sport industry rather than specific marine sport activities. Based on the discussion on the results, several future directions for marine sport research were suggested. Key WordsMarine sport, Research trends, Marine sport industry, Future directions |
Effect of Social Isolation and Sports Broadcast Viewing Type on Level of DepressionHyun-woo Kim 15(2) 57-70, 2021 DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2021.08.15.2.5
TitleEffect of Social Isolation and Sports Broadcast Viewing Type on Level of Depression
Hyun-woo Kim DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2021.08.15.2.5 AbstractThis study demonstrates that the effects of social isolation on depression levels may be partially mitigated by sports broadcast viewing activities. In the experiment, two versions of sample sports broadcasting videos were created and shown to test subjects to identify differing effects of traditional viewing and social viewing. The basic data collection involved a survey of 48 male and female participants in their twenties and thirties, the age group known to engage in social viewing most actively. The repeated ANOVA for 2(Perceived Isolation: High vs. Low) × 2(Social Disconnectedness: High vs. Low) × 2(Viewing Type: Traditional Viewing vs. Social Viewing) was conducted in order to test the hypotheses. The subjects’ levels of depression were measured three times using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS); before watching the sample video, after watching the video, and five minutes after the end of viewing. The results of the experiment support the main effect of perceived isolation on the level of depression as well as the interaction effect between social disconnectedness and viewing type. Key WordsSocial viewing, Social isolation, Depression, Sports media |
Exercise Training with Hormone Replacement Therapy Has No Synergistic Effect on the Improvement of Lean and Fat Mass in Postmenopausal Women: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsHee-jung Yoon , Rye-kyeong Kim , Nyeonju Kang , Young-min Park 15(2) 71-85, 2021 DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2021.08.15.2.6
TitleExercise Training with Hormone Replacement Therapy Has No Synergistic Effect on the Improvement of Lean and Fat Mass in Postmenopausal Women: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Hee-jung Yoon , Rye-kyeong Kim , Nyeonju Kang , Young-min Park DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2021.08.15.2.6 AbstractObjectives: Postmenopausal women possess lower skeletal muscle mass, associated with a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome, compared to premenopausal women. Maintaining skeletal muscle mass appears to be imperative to protect against the menopause-associated metabolic syndrome in women. The present study conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to investigate the effectiveness of exercise training with or without hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on lean and fat mass in postmenopausal women. Study design: Four studies qualified for the meta-analysis, and the effect sizes were calculated by comparing changes in lean and fat mass between pre- and post-treatment. Moderator variable analysis examined potential different effects among four sub-groups based on specific interventions: (a) HRT+NEX (no-exercise), (b) HRT+EX (exercise), (c) NHRT (non-HRT)+NEX, and (d) NHRT+EX. Results: Random effects model meta-analysis revealed no significant overall effects of exercise training with or without HRT on fat mass, whereas the analysis found a significant positive overall effects on lean mass (Hedges’g = 0.22, P = 0.039). Although our moderator variable analyses failed to show significant effect sizes for all the sub-groups, the two sub-groups with exercise training showed a trend of positive effects on lean mass (i.e., HRT+EX: P = 0.08 and NHRT+EX: P = 0.12). Conclusion: Our meta-analytic findings suggested that exercise training, but not HRT, may be effective for increasing lean mass in postmenopausal women. Future studies should include more evidence to validate the potential combining effect of exercise training and HRT. Key WordsMenopause, Exercise training, Hormone replacement therapy, Estrogen, Lean mass, Skeletal muscle |
Biomechanical Analysis of the Knee Joint during Jump Landing of Genu Valgum WomenKyoungkyu Jeon , Seji Ahn , Seo-yoon Jeong 15(2) 87-98, 2021 DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2021.08.15.2.7
TitleBiomechanical Analysis of the Knee Joint during Jump Landing of Genu Valgum Women
Kyoungkyu Jeon , Seji Ahn , Seo-yoon Jeong DOI:10.23949/ijhms.2021.08.15.2.7 AbstractThe purpose of this study was to identify the analysis of kinematics and kinetic of jump landing on lower extremities in women with valgus knees. To this study, 24 adult women without musculoskeletal diseases were selected as participants. They were separated into a normal group (12 women with quadriceps angles (Q angles) of lower than 20 degrees) and a valgus group (12 women with Q angles of greater than 20 degrees). The study analysis variables were the joint angle and the moment by event, and the center of pressure and the ground reaction force during jump landing. Eight motion capture cameras and two ground reaction force measuring devices were employed to measure and analyze these variables. In the study, Cortex 5.0 was used as a motion analysis program and SPSS 25.0 for Windows was used for data processing. In addition, the independent samples t-test was employed to analyze kinematics and kinetics differences between the valgus and normal groups during jump landing. The statistical significance level was set at p<0.05. According to the study results, in terms of the kinematic factors during jump landing, no statistically significant differences were identified in the knee joints. But, in terms of the knee joint moment of kinematic factors during jump landing, the valgus group showed a significant, larger extension and valgus moment than the normal group. A comprehensive review of the study findings suggests that knee extension and valgus moment increases tibial internal rotation in women with valgus, which results in valgus deformity and the following abnormal movements during jump landing. Key WordsGenu valgum, Knee joint, Malalignment, Drop landing, Kinematic, Kinetic |